로스쿨 취업률 통계에서 한가지 유의할 것은 취업에는 여러가지 종류가 있다는 것이다.
보통 사람들이 관심있는 것은 졸업생에게 인기있는 부분에 취업하는 비율이 얼마나 되고,
그들의 평균 연봉은 얼마나 될까 등일 것 같다.
이에 대한 한가지 중요한 지표로
변호사 자격증이 필요한 곳에 Full-time, Long-term 취업률을 보기도 하는데,
이를 높히기 위해서 로스쿨들이 School-funded jobs (Fellowship 등)을 이용하기도 한다.
물론 대학마다 이런 job의 성격이 다를 수 있어서 일괄적으로 말할 수는 없지만
(예를 들어서, Yale의 School-funded fellowship은 인기가 많은 것이라 함)
실제로는 일종의 임시직인데 통계상 Full-time/Long-term 취업으로 잡혀서
취업률이 높아 보이게 왜곡하는 문제가 있어서 이에 대한 논쟁이 있다.
*
http://www.usline.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=5278
[미국 로스쿨] 최악의 변호사 취업난, 명문 로스쿨들의 대처법은 ‘보조금’
*
https://abovethelaw.com/2017/06/the-law-schools-with-the-most-graduates-employed-in-school-funded-jobs-2016/
------------------------------------------------------------
미국변호사협회의 취업통계 자료에서
변호사 자격증이 필요한 곳에 Full-time, Long-term으로 취업한
졸업생 비율을 계산해서 여기 맨 아래에 정렬해 보았다.
(아래에 졸업생 데이타가 있는 로스쿨은 약 200개)
(물론 로펌 외에도 우수한 졸업생들이 정부/법원, 대학, Public Interest 등으로 가기도 하므로
단순히 이것만으로 로스쿨을 비교할 수는 없을 것임.)
(Employed, Bar Passage Required, Full-time, Long-term)/(총 졸업생 수)
Top 대학은 90% 이상
50위는 71%
100위는 63%
150위는 51% 정도
변호사 101명 이상의 중대형 Law firm에 Full-time, Long-term으로 취업한 졸업생 비율은
Top 대학은 60-78%
50위는 15%
100위는 6.8%
150위는 2.3% 정도
이것을 보면, 50위 정도만 되어도 중대형 로펌 취업률이 상당히 낮다.
당연히 한국에서 성장해서 미국에 온 한인 로스쿨 졸업생의 취업 통계는 이것과 많이 다를테고,
영어를 네이티브 급으로 하지 않으면 중대형 로펌 취업이 훨씬 더 어려울 것이다.
------------------------------------------------------------
요즘 연봉이 가장 높은 미국 대도시 대형 로펌의 신입 변호사 (Associate Attorney) 연봉은 약 18만불 (+ 1.5만불 보너스) 정도이다. (몇년전까지 16만불이었다가 최근 1-3년 사이에 올랐고, 2018년 후반부터 19만불로 오른 로펌들이 있음)
물론 전체 졸업생 중에서 이 연봉을 받는 사람은 소수이고
중소형 로펌의 경우 10만 이하의 연봉도 많다고 한다.
변호사 1-5명의 작은 한인 변호사 사무실에는 처음 연봉이 5만불 정도도 많다고 들었다.(특히 취업비자와 영주권을 신청하는 경우)
*
https://www.nalp.org/uploads/Classof2016_NationalSummaryReport.pdf
Class of 2016 National Summary Report
*
https://www.nalp.org/uploads/Research/AssociateSalarySurveyReportPressRelease.pdf
Associate Salaries Rise in Some Markets, But National Median Remains Unchanged
*
https://www.nalp.org/0617research
Findings from the 2017 Associate Salary Survey
------------------------------------------------------------
* 변호사 시험 (Bar Exam)
미국은 각주별로 매년 2월과 7월에 변호사 시험을 실시하고
(전국 자격증이 아니라) 주별로 변호사 자격증을 준다.
(보통 5월에 로스쿨을 졸업하고 7월에 시험을 침)
2011년 이후에 Uniform Bar Examination (UBE)라는 공통 시험을 치는 주들이 늘어나서,
이들 주 사이에는 한 주에서 합격하면 다른 주에서도 변호사 자격을 취득하기가 쉬워졌다.
이것 때문에, 예전 같으면 뉴욕과 뉴저지 양쪽 모두 시험을 쳤을 사람들 상당수가 뉴욕에만 응시해서, 뉴저지 응시자가 매우 감소했다고 한다.
변호사 시험 통계:
http://www.ncbex.org/statistics-and-research/statistics/
2017년 변호사 시험의 미국 전체 통계:
- 응시자: 2월 23051명, 7월 47806명: 총 70857명
- 합격자: 2월 10548명, 7월 31264명: 총 41812명
- 합격률: 2월 46%, 7월 65%: 총 59%
그룹별로 합격률 차이가 크다.
- 상위 로스쿨 졸업생의 합격률은 90% 이상
- 처음 시험을 치는 사람 (First-Timers: 72%) vs. 재수생 (Repeaters: 35%)
- ABA-Approved Law School (64%) vs. Non-ABA-Approved Law School (22%)
2017년 7월 ABA-Approved Law School 졸업생 First-Time Takers 합격률:
- 뉴욕: 86%
- 캘리포니아: 69%
- DC: 79%
2017년 7월 시험 기준으로 응시자가 가장 많은 주는
뉴욕 9932명
캘리포니아 8546명
텍사스 2956명
플로리다 2927명
(몇십명만 응시하는 주도 있음)
2018년 7월 뉴욕 변호사 시험에는 응시자 9679명, 합격자 6095명, 합격률 63%.
ABA-Approved Law School 졸업생 First-Time Takers 합격률 83%.
미주 한국일보에서 이름을 기준으로 추정한 것에 따르면, 한인 합격자는 267명 (전체 합격자의 4.4%)이라고 한다. (
http://ny.koreatimes.com/article/20181025/1210701 )
------------------------------------------------------------
*
https://www.americanbar.org/resources_for_lawyers/profession_statistics.html
미국변호사협회(ABA)의 승인을 받은 로스쿨: 203개
2016년 로스쿨 졸업생: 37,124명
2017년 가을 로스쿨 1학년 (1L) 학생: 37,398명
미국 전체 변호사 수는
1970년: 32.7만명
1980년: 57.5만명
1990년: 75.6만명
2000년: 102만명
2010년: 120만명
2017년: 134만명
전체 변호사 중 아시안의 비율은 약 2%.
(다른 통계에는 3.4%라고 나옴. 2010년)
*
https://www.nalp.org/uploads/2017NALPReportonDiversityinUSLawFirms.pdf
미국 로펌의 Associates 중에서 아시안 비율은 11.4%이고
Partners 중에서 아시안 비율은 3.31%. (2017년)
*
https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/marketresearch/PublicDocuments/lawyer_demographics_2013.authcheckdam.pdf
(2005년)
전체변호사 중에서 Private Practice: 75%
Private Practitioners의 로펌 크기 (변호사 수) 비율은
1인: 49%
2-5명: 14%
101명 이상: 16%
------------------------------------------------------------
* NALP Report Database
https://www.lawschooltransparency.com/reform/projects/NALP-Report-Database/
* LST Report
- National Report:
https://www.lstreports.com/national/
- School:
https://www.lstreports.com/schools/
*
http://employmentsummary.abaquestionnaire.org/
--> COMPILATION-ALL SCHOOL DATA (2016)
School : TotalGraduatesNumber, EmployedBarPassageRequiredFTLT (%), LawFirms 101-More FTLT (%)
CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF : 215 93.5% 61.4%
DUKE UNIVERSITY : 224 92.4% 62.1%
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY : 389 91.5% 77.6%
MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF : 327 91.1% 53.5%
CORNELL UNIVERSITY : 184 90.2% 69.0%
STANFORD UNIVERSITY : 183 89.6% 50.3%
PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF : 258 89.1% 65.9%
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY : 485 88.9% 69.9%
VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF : 330 88.8% 62.4%
HARVARD UNIVERSITY : 598 88.0% 56.7%
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY : 182 86.3% 47.3%
CALIFORNIA-BERKELEY, UNIVERSITY OF : 330 84.2% 49.7%
PENNSYLVANIA STATE - DICKINSON LAW : 34 82.4% 8.8%
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY : 249 81.5% 61.4%
BOSTON COLLEGE : 227 80.6% 38.3%
SETON HALL UNIVERSITY : 161 80.1% 14.9%
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY : 226 80.1% 41.2%
TEXAS AT AUSTIN, UNIVERSITY OF : 362 79.8% 35.9%
ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF : 166 78.9% 33.7%
YALE UNIVERSITY : 203 78.8% 38.9%
GEORGIA, UNIVERSITY OF : 198 78.3% 17.7%
BAYLOR UNIVERSITY : 158 77.2% 11.4%
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY : 95 76.8% 16.8%
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY : 179 76.5% 22.3%
LINCOLN MEMORIAL : 17 76.5% 0.0%
NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF : 172 76.2% 31.4%
ALABAMA, UNIVERSITY OF : 145 75.9% 13.1%
CALIFORNIA-LOS ANGELES, UNIVERSITY OF : 316 75.6% 40.2%
OKLAHOMA, UNIVERSITY OF : 143 75.5% 7.7%
DREXEL UNIVERSITY : 147 75.5% 9.5%
SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY : 234 75.2% 18.4%
WYOMING, UNIVERSITY OF : 67 74.6% 0.0%
CARDOZO SCHOOL OF LAW : 338 74.6% 17.8%
FORDHAM UNIVERSITY : 384 74.5% 39.3%
MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF : 246 74.4% 17.1%
GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY : 652 74.4% 46.2%
WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY : 184 73.4% 16.3%
HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY : 198 73.2% 8.1%
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY : 334 73.1% 8.4%
UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA - LAS VEGAS : 116 72.4% 6.0%
ST. JOHN'S UNIVERSITY : 244 72.1% 16.8%
WILLIAM AND MARY LAW SCHOOL : 225 72.0% 18.2%
FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY : 189 72.0% 6.3%
PACE UNIVERSITY : 171 71.9% 4.1%
MONTANA, UNIVERSITY OF : 78 71.8% 0.0%
CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF : 151 71.5% 13.9%
WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF : 185 71.4% 14.6%
FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF : 323 71.2% 16.1%
CALIFORNIA-IRVINE, UNIVERSITY OF : 118 71.2% 14.4%
CINCINNATI, UNIVERSITY OF : 104 71.2% 15.4%
BOSTON UNIVERSITY : 221 71.0% 35.3%
BELMONT UNIVERSITY : 69 71.0% 8.7%
IOWA, UNIVERSITY OF : 100 71.0% 19.0%
KENTUCKY, UNIVERSITY OF : 147 70.7% 10.9%
SOUTH DAKOTA, UNIVERSITY OF : 58 70.7% 0.0%
FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY : 153 70.6% 7.8%
ALBANY LAW SCHOOL OF UNION UNIVERSITY : 151 70.2% 4.6%
EMORY UNIVERSITY : 284 70.1% 26.4%
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF : 200 70.0% 38.0%
INDIANA UNIVERSITY - BLOOMINGTON : 191 69.6% 18.8%
VILLANOVA UNIVERSITY : 172 69.2% 16.3%
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY : 190 68.9% 10.0%
TEMPLE UNIVERSITY : 202 68.8% 20.8%
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY : 182 68.7% 6.0%
ARIZONA, UNIVERSITY OF : 124 68.5% 16.9%
SOUTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF : 193 68.4% 7.8%
NEW MEXICO, UNIVERSITY OF : 113 68.1% 0.9%
MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY : 191 68.1% 7.9%
WASHBURN UNIVERSITY : 100 68.0% 2.0%
NORTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF : 229 67.7% 19.2%
MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF : 117 67.5% 10.3%
HOUSTON, UNIVERSITY OF : 240 67.5% 19.2%
WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF : 153 67.3% 14.4%
GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY : 555 67.2% 31.7%
IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF : 128 67.2% 0.0%
MEMPHIS, UNIVERSITY OF : 100 67.0% 5.0%
GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY : 203 67.0% 16.3%
BROOKLYN LAW SCHOOL : 369 66.9% 15.4%
COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF : 184 66.8% 12.0%
CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK : 104 66.3% 0.0%
PENNSYLVANIA STATE - PENN STATE LAW : 95 66.3% 8.4%
SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY : 142 66.2% 17.6%
KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF : 109 66.1% 8.3%
NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF : 118 65.3% 3.4%
MISSOURI-KANSAS CITY, UNIVERSITY OF : 161 65.2% 5.6%
TENNESSEE, UNIVERSITY OF : 158 65.2% 7.0%
REGENT UNIVERSITY : 88 64.8% 1.1%
GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY : 133 64.7% 13.5%
BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY : 144 64.6% 9.0%
ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, UNIVERSITY OF : 107 64.5% 4.7%
MIAMI, UNIVERSITY OF : 323 64.4% 14.6%
RICHMOND, UNIVERSITY OF : 148 64.2% 6.1%
LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY : 173 63.6% 5.2%
NEW HAMPSHIRE UNIVERSITY OF : 74 63.5% 6.8%
OKLAHOMA CITY UNIVERSITY : 137 63.5% 1.5%
MAINE, UNIVERSITY OF : 82 63.4% 4.9%
TULANE UNIVERSITY : 199 63.3% 12.1%
UNIVERSITY OF BUFFALO-SUNY : 185 63.2% 8.6%
CALIFORNIA-DAVIS, UNIVERSITY OF : 138 63.0% 13.0%
DENVER, UNIVERSITY OF : 267 62.9% 5.6%
DUQUESNE UNIVERSITY : 124 62.9% 7.3%
WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY : 115 62.6% 7.0%
TOURO COLLEGE : 139 62.6% 2.2%
LOYOLA MARYMOUNT UNIVERSITY-LOS ANGELES : 356 62.1% 9.3%
WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY : 131 61.8% 10.7%
PITTSBURGH, UNIVERSITY OF : 175 61.7% 16.6%
GONZAGA UNIVERSITY : 112 61.6% 0.9%
TULSA, UNIVERSITY OF : 83 61.4% 3.6%
LOUISVILLE, UNIVERSITY OF : 122 60.7% 4.1%
MERCER UNIVERSITY : 165 60.6% 6.1%
CONCORDIA LAW SCHOOL : 38 60.5% 0.0%
ST. MARY'S UNIVERSITY : 238 60.5% 0.8%
SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY : 166 60.2% 8.4%
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY : 205 59.5% 1.5%
UTAH, UNIVERSITY OF : 121 59.5% 5.0%
MISSISSIPPI COLLEGE : 140 59.3% 4.3%
DRAKE UNIVERSITY : 108 59.3% 0.0%
MARYLAND, UNIVERSITY OF : 213 59.2% 8.9%
NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY : 88 59.1% 0.0%
FAULKNER UNIVERSITY : 74 58.1% 4.1%
MITCHELL|HAMLINE : 297 57.6% 6.7%
CREIGHTON UNIVERSITY : 127 57.5% 0.8%
LOYOLA UNIVERSITY-CHICAGO : 209 57.4% 16.7%
SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY-CARBONDALE : 117 57.3% 1.7%
NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY : 173 57.2% 4.6%
AVE MARIA SCHOOL OF LAW : 63 57.1% 0.0%
MISSISSIPPI, UNIVERSITY OF : 121 57.0% 6.6%
SAMFORD UNIVERSITY : 153 56.9% 6.5%
CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY : 99 56.6% 15.2%
STETSON UNIVERSITY : 294 56.5% 8.2%
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY : 265 56.2% 7.2%
CHICAGO-KENT COLLEGE OF LAW-IIT : 242 56.2% 10.3%
ST. THOMAS, UNIVERSITY OF (MINNESOTA) : 106 55.7% 5.7%
LIBERTY UNIVERSITY : 58 55.2% 3.4%
PEPPERDINE UNIVERSITY : 181 54.1% 5.0%
DEPAUL UNIVERSITY : 234 53.8% 6.4%
NEW YORK LAW SCHOOL : 304 53.3% 7.6%
CHARLESTON SCHOOL OF LAW : 141 53.2% 2.8%
HAWAII, UNIVERSITY OF : 79 53.2% 0.0%
LEWIS AND CLARK COLLEGE : 177 53.1% 2.8%
SOUTH TEXAS COLLEGE OF LAW HOUSTON : 331 52.9% 3.6%
AMERICAN UNIVERSITY : 415 52.8% 13.3%
TEXAS SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY : 151 52.3% 4.0%
SEATTLE UNIVERSITY : 232 52.2% 4.3%
CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY : 117 52.1% 9.4%
JOHN MARSHALL LAW SCHOOL : 296 51.7% 4.1%
BALTIMORE, UNIVERSITY OF : 277 51.6% 2.9%
CALIFORNIA-HASTINGS, UNIVERSITY OF : 300 51.3% 19.3%
NORTH DAKOTA, UNIVERSITY OF : 76 51.3% 1.3%
OREGON, UNIVERSITY OF : 129 51.2% 2.3%
ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY : 86 51.2% 0.0%
VERMONT LAW SCHOOL : 116 50.9% 5.2%
ARKANSAS, LITTLE ROCK, UNIVERSITY OF : 129 50.4% 0.8%
ATLANTA JOHN MARSHALL SAVANNAH : 36 50.0% 0.0%
CAMPBELL UNIVERSITY : 103 49.5% 2.9%
DAYTON, UNIVERSITY OF : 81 49.4% 4.9%
CHAPMAN UNIVERSITY : 158 49.4% 3.2%
WIDENER-COMMONWEALTH : 53 49.1% 5.7%
NOVA SOUTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY : 239 49.0% 3.8%
INDIANA UNIVERSITY - INDIANAPOLIS : 248 48.8% 7.7%
OHIO NORTHERN UNIVERSITY : 72 48.6% 1.4%
NORTHERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY : 120 48.3% 1.7%
ST. THOMAS UNIVERSITY (FLORIDA) : 202 48.0% 2.0%
HOWARD UNIVERSITY : 136 47.8% 19.1%
SANTA CLARA UNIVERSITY : 215 47.4% 11.2%
WIDENER UNIVERSITY-DELAWARE : 173 47.4% 3.5%
SAN DIEGO, UNIVERSITY OF : 218 46.8% 10.1%
AKRON, UNIVERSITY OF : 124 46.8% 4.8%
LOYOLA UNIVERSITY-NEW ORLEANS : 216 46.8% 3.7%
CALIFORNIA WESTERN SCHOOL OF LAW : 176 46.6% 1.1%
SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY : 178 45.5% 0.0%
QUINNIPIAC UNIVERSITY : 76 44.7% 1.3%
SUFFOLK UNIVERSITY : 412 43.2% 7.8%
WESTERN NEW ENGLAND UNIVERSITY : 103 42.7% 4.9%
MCGEORGE SCHOOL OF LAW : 139 40.3% 2.2%
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS DARTMOUTH : 53 39.6% 0.0%
SOUTHWESTERN LAW SCHOOL : 321 38.9% 1.6%
WILLAMETTE UNIVERSITY : 114 38.6% 0.0%
NEW ENGLAND LAW | BOSTON : 210 38.6% 2.4%
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA : 138 38.4% 10.9%
ARIZONA SUMMIT LAW SCHOOL : 221 38.0% 1.4%
CAPITAL UNIVERSITY : 119 37.8% 4.2%
FLORIDA A&M UNIVERSITY : 120 37.5% 3.3%
TOLEDO, UNIVERSITY OF : 88 36.4% 3.4%
FLORIDA COASTAL SCHOOL OF LAW : 299 36.1% 0.0%
APPALACHIAN SCHOOL OF LAW : 42 35.7% 0.0%
VALPARAISO UNIVERSITY : 160 35.6% 1.9%
NORTH CAROLINA CENTRAL UNIVERSITY : 180 35.0% 0.0%
ATLANTA'S JOHN MARSHALL LAW SHOOL : 143 35.0% 0.7%
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA : 97 34.0% 1.0%
ELON UNIVERSITY : 89 33.7% 0.0%
BARRY UNIVERSITY : 247 33.6% 0.8%
DETROIT MERCY, UNIVERSITY OF : 146 33.6% 4.1%
WESTERN STATE COLLEGE OF LAW : 91 33.0% 0.0%
SAN FRANCISCO, UNIVERSITY OF : 140 32.9% 7.1%
THOMAS M. COOLEY LAW SCHOOL : 462 30.5% 1.3%
WHITTIER LAW SCHOOL : 128 29.7% 2.3%
GOLDEN GATE UNIVERSITY : 112 26.8% 0.0%
CHARLOTTE SCHOOL OF LAW : 340 23.5% 1.5%
PUERTO RICO, UNIVERSITY OF : 191 22.5% 1.0%
THOMAS JEFFERSON SCHOOL OF LAW : 210 21.9% 1.4%
UNIVERSITY OF LA VERNE : 51 13.7% 2.0%
INTER AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO : 162 9.9% 1.2%
PONTIFICAL CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF P.R. : 153 0.0% 0.0%
AMERICAN JUSTICE : 0
EUGENIO MARIA DE HOSTOS SCHOOL OF LAW : 0
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PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY : 0
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THOMAS M. COOLEY LAW SCHOOL - ANN ARBOR : 0
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UNIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA : 0
UNT DALLAS COLLEGE OF LAW : 0
WILLIAM MITCHELL COLLEGE OF LAW : 0
